Seven out of 10 livestock farmers (70%) are concerned about the possibility of tighter availability or higher prices for certain bought-in feeds this winter – based on factors of Covid-19 and potentially reduced cereal yields after the difficult season.
And a near-identical proportion (67%) of those growing maize feel that doing a good job with the crop will be extremely or very important this year in response to these issues – or to grass silage shortfalls (70%).
Those are the findings from a new Volac survey conducted among nearly 200 livestock farmers this summer.
Results revealed that 80% of respondents growing maize are looking to improve the crop’s conservation.
Key ways they are looking to achieve this include: paying closer attention to timely harvesting so maize doesn’t become over-ripe (41% of respondents); improving maize consolidation (41%); applying an additive to preserve more of its dry matter (DM) or nutrient content (36%); and improving clamp sealing and weighting (35% of respondents). Some 14% of respondents were also looking to cut maize greener than normal.
“Clearly, there is a desire to reduce maize DM and nutrient losses after the challenging season,” says Peter Smith of Volac, who advises farmers on silage-making best practice and sees some of the common pitfalls.
To help, he offers a five-point plan:
1. Harvest maize at the correct stage
Often, maize is not considered ready for harvest until it dies back, says Mr Smith, when in reality it should be harvested sooner – when DM and starch contents both reach 30-33%.
Higher starch levels are nice, but if these are achieved by allowing green leaves to die back it will have been at the expense of digestibility and energy,” he explains. “In the run up to harvest, maize dries out by about 2% per week. By determining its baseline %DM during this period using a microwave test, you can estimate how many weeks until it reaches the optimum 30-33% DM, to more accurately book your contractor for the correct stage.
2. Don’t overlook fermentation
Although maize is often considered to ferment well, Mr Smith says it still typically loses 8-10% of its DM through inefficient fermentation. This in itself is a lot, but the overall loss is even higher, he warns, because inefficient fermentation bacteria consume mainly sugars, rather than undigestible material, so the metabolisable energy of the remaining silage is also lower.
Trials show that Lactobacillus plantarum MTD/1, the fermentation bacterium in Ecosyl additives, reduces DM losses by 50%. So treating with MTD/1 has the potential to save 4-5% of the DM. Also, maize crops inevitably contain some dead leaf material, and accumulate rotting organic matter in the leaf joints, which provides a breeding ground for undesirable micro-organisms. Grass with this level of contamination would almost certainly be treated to improve the fermentation,” he adds.
3. Control heating (aerobic spoilage)
With maize silage inherently unstable – suffering DM losses if it heats up due to the activity of yeasts and moulds in the presence of air – good consolidation and sealing to provide airtight conditions are vital, says Mr Smith. However, these aren’t always enough, he says, especially in wider clamps where the exposed face is crossed only slowly during feed-out.
The use of a dual-action additive to improve fermentation and aerobic stability is a key consideration for reducing overall losses. Ecocool, for instance, containing MTD/1 for fermentation and a second bacterium, Lactobacillus buchneri PJB/1, that produces acetic acid to inhibit yeast and mould activity, has been shown to keep the clamp face cool for more than 10 days.
Find out more about the benefits of treating with Ecocool.
4. Improve consolidation
Do not be tempted to skimp on consolidation, advises Mr Smith, especially when trailers are arriving at the clamp quickly.
A rule of thumb is that silage at 30% DM requires 25% of its weight arriving at the clamp per hour to consolidate it,” he says. “So even a modest 100 tonnes per hour requires 25 tonnes, which is at least two machines rolling it constantly. Chopping maize shorter aids compaction, especially if it's a bit dry. So consider a 1.2-2.2cm chop length.
“Also, fill clamps in layers no more than 10-15cm deep and at a maximum angle of 20 degrees to the horizontal. This will get maximum benefit from the weight applied.”
5. Sheet and weight to keep out air
Always use an oxygen barrier cling film sheet on top of maize, Mr Smith advises. These are visibly drawn down onto the top of the silage, he says, creating a really good seal. “Before filling the clamp, line the walls with side sheets all the way down to the floor and big enough for a one-metre overlap on top of the oxygen barrier sheet,” he says.
For the top sheet, often a good quality, multi-layered black sheet can be stronger and more flexible than a thicker sheet, and will more easily follow the clamp contours. A heavy, woven sheet over the top is important to protect against damage, but don’t rely on this solely to provide enough weight. The more weight that can be added on top of this, the less wastage that will occur. The reason clamp bases rarely heat up is because the weight of the silage above has squeezed out the air.
Participants in the survey were predominantly dairy farmers (59%), with 32% producing beef and 9% rearing sheep.
For more top tips and advice to get the most from your maize silage, download our Handy Maize Guide today.